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WHAT IS HEAD AND NECK CANCER?

Different malignant tumors that develop in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and mouth are termed Head and Neck cancer. Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, meaning this type of cancer begins in the flat squamous cells that make up the thin layer of tissue on the surface of the structures in the head and neck area. Directly beneath this lining, some areas of the head and neck have a layer of moist tissue called Mucosa. If cancer is only found in the squamous layer of cells, it is called carcinoma in situ. Whereas, if cancer has grown beyond this cell layer and moved into the deeper tissue, it is called invasive squamous cell carcinoma. 

CAUSES

  • Use of tobacco- smoking or chewing
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Genetic mutations
  • Ultraviolet light exposure
  • Exposure to toxic substances such as asbestos
  • Infection with human papillomavirus

SYMPTOMS OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER

  • A mouth or a tongue sore that does not heal
  • A persistent sore throat
  • Neck pain that won’t go
  • Pain in the upper teeth
  • Frequent headache
  • Bleeding through the nose or mouth
  • Blood in saliva
  • Trouble swallowing
  • Trouble breathing or speaking
  • Continuous ear pain

TYPES OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER

  • Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer - The voice box
  • Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer – The space behind the nose
  • Nasopharyngeal cancer – Air passage in the upper part of the throat behind the nose
  • Oral and oropharyngeal cancer – Mouth and tongue
  • Salivary gland cancer 

DIAGNOSIS

  • A physical examination
  • Endoscopy
  • CAT scans, MRIs, PET scans
  • Biopsy

 TREATMENT

  • Surgery
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Chemotherapy

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Frequently Asked Questions

Extensive use of alcohol and tobacco are the two most significant risk factors for head and neck cancer of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. 

Head and neck cancer usually spread to the lymph nodes in the neck which is relatively common.

Many cancers of the head and neck are curable when they are detected in the early stages. 

Surgery is the best option to treat some forms of metastatic cancer that have spread to the lymph nodes. Other treatment options like radiation, chemotherapy, a stem cell transplant, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy can also be performed. 

The first stage of head and neck cancer is called Carcinoma in situ; it is the very beginning that describes abnormal cells in the lining of the affected area that have the potential to become cancerous. 

It is usually a bad indication that cancer shall soon spread to other parts of the body. 

Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. This type of cancer begins in the flat squamous cells that make up the thin layer of tissue on the surface of the structures in the head and neck.

Throat cancer is a rare form of cancer that develops in the throat, larynx or tonsils. Some of its most common symptoms include a persistent sore throat and/or cough, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, ear pain and a neck mass. It can develop quickly, which is why early diagnosis is key to successful treatment.

Cancer cells of the head and neck include cancers that begin in various locations in the head and throat. Within the sinuses (the spaces around the nose on the inside of the skull), throughout and behind the nose

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